DES was synthesized in 1938 as was EE. However, from 1953 Dieckmann et al. had demonstrated its ineffectiveness on miscarriages [3] but, given its low production cost, it was not patented and manufactured by hundreds of laboratories around the world. It had been banned in the United States for pregnant women in 1971 by the United States Food and Drug Administration, when Herbst and his colleagues discovered that girls exposed in utero presented not only genital malformations, infertility, but also so-called vaginal cancer with clear cells, specific for this in utero impregnation [4]. The DES-boys were not spared either : they experienced genital malformations (hypospadias, cryptorchidism), increased risk of testicular cancer, sterility or reduced sperm count to the point of total azoospermia. Treated mothers may also have an increased risk of hormone-dependent cancers, especially breast cancer. The links between in utero DES exposure and behavioral disorders are not yet completely recognized while the effects of DES have long been recognized in terms of genital malformations, sterility and cancer, as described by Tournaire et al. [2014] in his “Histoire du Diethylstilbestrol” [5]. Also in 2015 he reported from a national inquiry a significant increase in breast cancer in women exposed to DES compared to those not exposed and to the general population [6]. Nevertheless,

animal studies (rat, mouse) provide convincing data of behavioral disorders from all points of view, whether on DES (7), EE (8), or progestins (9). In humans, few studies have investigated the link between in utero exposure to these synthetic hormones and the onset of severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolarity, schizo-affective disorders or eating disorders. In the early 1950s, an exploratory double-blind study was performed at University College Hospital in London on 331 women who received DES early in their pregnancy. Three hundred and nineteen received a placebo, in the same form, and without knowing who was receiving which [10]. Thirty years later, Vessey and his group (1983) stared a longterm follow-up of the members of this cohort researching their descendants: they unexpectedly discovered that the girls and boys exposed had twice as many cases of depression and anxiety than in the placebo cohort [11]. It was not until 2010 that the deleterious effects of DES on the nervous system were demonstrated in the USA by O'Reilly and his team in a large epidemiological study on 76,240 American women nurses, known as the “Nurses Health Study”[12]. Among them were 1,612 women exposed in utero to DES. In the latter a statistical increase in depressive and anxiety disorders compared to unexposed girls was identified. In 2012, Kébir and Krebs, psychiatrists of Sainte Anne Hospital in Paris, examining 442 spontaneous testimonies from the HHORAGES patient association noted the presence of psychiatric disorders: 46.7% of mood disorders, 22.9% of psychoses, 6.6% of anxiety disorders, 11% eating disorders and 12.7% others (obsessive-compulsive disorders, violence, addictions) [13]. In 2016, the analysis by Soyer-Gobillard et al. of 1,002 children, 720 of whom were exposed in utero to synthetic estrogens, revealed severe psychotic disorders as well as numerous suicides and attempted suicides that manifested themselves in post adolescence [14]. Lastly, during a national survey conducted by the DES-France Network Association, Verdoux et al, 2017, observed in 2,566 exposed women versus 2,967 unexposed 1.7 times more “DES-Girls” who consulted a psychiatrist, showing that this group is at high risk for mental disorders [15].